What is Sociological Imagination - 534 Words

WHAT IS SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION? It is the ability to note or see the strange in familiar activities of everyday life and to connect personal troubles to public issues, which makes biography of many people. Example A family which smoking is a familiar thing to them but some individual in the family realise that smoking is not the healthy not only realising that smoking affects the family but it also affects the community or society (public issue). A BIOGRAPHY is the record of activities done from day to day which makes up a life story of a person. Social Imagination it is important because the benefit of it is that it allows us to comprehend our biography, realise that choices are there. Social facts are things that originated from a society which influence the behaviour or attitudes of an individual of a society. Verbal and non-verbal messages â€Å"words gestures† that people use to convey or give insight to other people about their thoughts, religious rules, cultural rules, credit systems used to pay depts., all were created without consideration of their input about them. In addition to the above paragraph it indicates that social facts have a life which is broadly enamours than of every individual who keeps them alive. Social factors have coercive power. When people unconsciously conform to social facts the power is not noticed or is really noticed. Only resistance can allow people to experience and know the power of social facts. For instance take an individual who isShow MoreRelatedEssay on what is the sociological perspective (imagination)691 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion 1: What is the sociological perspective? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is the nature of the social sciences? This is the question that began the study of society, first performed by C. Wright Mills in his development of the idea of the sociological imagination. There are many different aspects to the sociological perspective. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines perspective as â€Å"the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance†Read MoreAn Sociological Study And What We Call Sociological Imagination Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesIn these postmodern times where what was is no longer, or another power, we live in constant change. But man is trapped in their daily lives, he lives in a moral paralysis without fully accept that life affects you, it affects society because both are considered together. Our time is characterized by malaise and indifference, lack of values ​​and feel threatened. The task of the social scientist is to clarify the elements of contemporary uneasiness an d indifference. Today the information exceedsRead MoreWhat Did C. Wright Mills Mean by the â€Å"Sociological Imagination†?2277 Words   |  10 PagesWhat did C. Wright Mills mean by the â€Å"sociological imagination†? C. Wright Mills has been defined by some as the pioneer of the new radical sociology that emerged in the 1950s, in which his book, The Sociological Imagination (1959), has played a crucial role (Restivo 1991, p.61). This essay will attempt to explain what the â€Å"sociological imagination† is, and why it has been important in the development of sociology over the last fifty to sixty years. In order to do this, it will firstly be essentialRead MoreSociological Imagination1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of â€Å"sociological imagination† is one that can be explained many different ways. A simple way to think of the sociological imagination is to see it as a way a person thinks, where they know that what they do from day to day in their private lives (like the choices they make), are sometimes influenced by the larger environment in which they live (Mills 1959, 1). What C.W. Mills meant by this concept is that it is the ability to â€Å"understand the larger histo rical scene in terms of its meaningRead MoreEssay on The Sociological Imagination1389 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal condensed definition of â€Å"the sociological imagination† is that it is the idea one should be aware of the societal structures around themselves, and how those structures can influence a person and vice-versa. In addition, I think that having a â€Å"sociological imagination† also involves a deep appreciation for the importance of society and culture. Consequently, for a person that has completed a basic introduction to sociology college course and actually paid attention, I would hope thatRead MoreSociology Imagination833 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined sociological imagination as the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another: from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.[1] Sociological Imagination:Read MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Grade: 75 / C The Sociological Imagination The sociological imagination is an idea or a way of thinking that interlocks an individual in a society with the society as a whole. Most people refer to sociology as the study of how people or individuals interact with each other. In order to fully understand sociology and the concept of the sociological imagination as proposed by C. Wright Mills, one has to be able to envision the individual and the society working together to better understandRead MoreThe Concepts Following Sociological Imagination675 Words   |  3 Pages In this essay I’ll be talking about Sociological Imagination and the concepts following it and more especially the importance of it. Sociological Imagination is one of the core concepts of Sociology whereas Sociology is all about studying people within the society and what they do. Sociological imagination is all about using one’s mind to see how people are affected by tangible and intangible things around them. Sociological imagination is aff ected by social forces which are forces that influenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Dalton Conley s You May Ask Yourself 1267 Words   |  6 PagesDalton Conley’s book, You May Ask Yourself, defines sociological imagination as, â€Å"The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces† (Conley 2015, pg. A-11). Sociological Imagination is the idea of being able to step outside of the box, and evaluate society from an alternative point of view. Symbolic Interactionism, norms, socialization, and the idea of understanding yourself vs. understanding the social aspect of

Sublime Elements in Of Love and Other Demons Essay

Sublime Elements in Of Love and Other Demons The book Of Love and Other Demons (1994), written by the Columbian Gabriel Garcia Marquez, has more characteristics of sublime literature than of magical realist literature. Magical Realism and the sublime are so closely related that distinguishing between the two is hard. They are more closely related than magical realism and the fantastic. Of Love and Other Demons has elements of magical realism. Of all the magical elements, the most important and the most obvious is the dream that is shared by both Sierva and Delaura before they meet. The long red hair of Sierva is an example of a magic realist element that is hidden. The death of Father Aquino and other mysterious†¦show more content†¦they also partake of a dreamlike quality which aligns them with a host of other magical realist devices and motifs (Theim 237). This device is also similar to Weiskels third phase of the sublime, the reactive phase (qtd in Sandner 52). During this time, the mind recovers the balance of outer and inner by constituting a fresh relation between itself and the object (qtd. in Sandner 52). Another way in which the story may correspond with the sublime is Siervas long red hair that had not been cut from the day she was born until the end of her excorcism. Wordsworth says, about the sublime, Even in the scenes drawn from ordinary life, [the authors] would throw over them a certain coloring of the imagination (qtd. in Sander 60). This effect is exactly what Marquez does with Siervas hair. He alluded that there may be something supernatural about it. The sublime affirm[s] a spiritual dimension to fantasy and explores, through fantastic images, the meaning and existence of spirit (Sandner 145). Transformation, another sublime characteristic, is used to show how ones perception of something changes (qtd in Sandner 51). Instead of being just hair, it was a promise to Domingas god. Defamiliarization, which is a characteristic of both the sublime and magical realism (Simpkins 150), is used in Of Love and Other Demons. It focuses ones attention on something, such as hair, that h e or she would normally think nothingShow MoreRelated Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey1435 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey      Ã‚   From the beginning of The Monkey, a short story located within Isak Dinesens anthology Seven Gothic Tales, the reader is taken back to a â€Å"storytime† world he or she may remember from childhood. Dinesens 1934 example of what has been identified as the Gothic Sublime sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublime literatureRead MoreSteve Jobs And The World s Most Valuable Company Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagestime he died, in 2011, had built it into the world’s most valuable company. Along the way he helped to transform several industries including personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing, and digital publishing. Driven by demons, Jobs could drive those around him to fury and despair. In the biography Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, we see that Jobs acted as though the normal rules didn’t apply to him, and the passion, intensity, and extreme emotionalism he brought to everydayRead MoreConcept of Beauty According to the Western Philosophers4706 Words   |  19 PagesConcept of Beauty according to the Western Philosophers â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty. That is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know† John Keats Beauty is an emotional element, a pleasure of ours, which nevertheless we regard as a quality of thing. The ideas of beauty is found in almost every culture and at almost every time in human history, with many similarities. Beauty was and still is a term of great esteem linking human beings and nature with artistic practices and worksRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein, And The Modern Prometheus3901 Words   |  16 Pagesunfortunate way we deal with it once it is achieved. Dr. Frankenstein achieved the power of giving an inanimate body life. This is a Godlike power. He continues to play God by passing judgment on his creation. The tragedy is he (as well as all the other people the monster comes in contact with) fails to see the good in his creation that is obviously there. If Dr. Frankenstein is the monster s God then the monster is literally Godforsaken. Considering the situation, the monster reacts in aRead MoreThe Gospel of John Essay5342 Words   |  22 Pagesscarcely mentione d as such (cf. 3:3, 5; 18:36). meaning of the events, to the relationships of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit in the work of redemption, and to the Trinitarian love for humanity which generated that work and which seeks through the gospel to bring within that sublime circle of indwelling love all who respond by faith to Jesus as the great I AM. John deals with the same revealed truth as Mathew, Mark, Luke and Paul. But his way of approaching that truth is different--veryRead MoreTheology of the Body32011 Words   |  129 PagesSquare between September 5, 1979 and November 28, 1984. John Paul II says that these catecheses could be called â€Å"Human Love in the Divine Plan† or â€Å"The Redemption of the Body and the Sacramentality of Marriage.† B. Various scholars, in different language groupings, will generally break the theology of the body found in these 129 catecheses down into four main sections, others six. I think the most logical way to do so is to break it down into seven interrelated sections: 1) The Original UnityRead MoreCultural Analysis Thailand9709 Words   |  39 Pagesdemise of their king. The AIDS explosion in the late eighties and early nineties seems to have targeted the country and the sex industry placing Thailand on the map for many of the wrong reasons. As Thailand continues to confront its own inner demons, the country is attempting to emerge as a major player in the developing nations field. This paper will focus on the ideals of the nation and the ability to work with developed nations in their joint business ventures. Additionally, explorationRead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 Pagesin its narr ative and characterization, is that it contains one of the most viv id versions w e have of the Ro man tic mythology of the self, one that resemb les Blake’s Book of U rizen, Sh elley’s Prometheus Unbound an d Byron’s Manfred, among other works. Becau se it lacks the sophistication and imag inativ e complexity of su ch works, Fran kenstein affords a un ique introduction to th e archetypal world of th e Romantics.6 By say ing badly what th e canonical male Romantic poets were saying

Adolescence and music Free Essays

Consider the song lyrics provided below, both lyrics and performance, looking for themes or messages for adolescents or relating to adolescent development. You should describe the music and use the lyrics to explain what the lyrics communicate to adolescents and about adolescents, including an argument for whether or not there are cultural, moral, and political messages conveyed in the song. Finally, using what you have learned about adolescence, make an argument for why would this music appeal to adolescents Name: Course: Psychology 310, Fall 2006 Tutor: Date: University: Adolescence is a growth and development stage in ones life where a myriad of changes both in terms of psychological and physical terms take effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Adolescence and music or any similar topic only for you Order Now However whether a teenager will successfully transit into adult hood or get trapped by the challenges of adolescence is shaped by amongst others, family, the trait of the adolescent, and the external environment with which the adolescent interact such as religious settings, as well as school (Steinberg, 1999)). This lyric song is made to investigate the changes both behavioral and emotional that are undergone by adolescents. Personality development in adolescents changes the way an adolescent views his/her self and the way the same views the outside world. The myriad of challenges an adolescent undergoes shapes his/her relations with peers. The song provided develops certain themes, which are all central to the life of any adolescent; most of the themes revolve around culture, and morality. Sex. Adolescence is a period characterized by the acceptance of ones sex and sexuality. In the song this comes out when the lyrics mention sex in connection with adolescence. It reveals the fact that adolescents are of sex and sex matters and this is well manifested in the phrase that, â€Å"The timing/and structure/ did you hear/ he fucked her? † Relations with peers. Adolescence is a time when teens depend on their peers for almost every decision they make. They constantly look for comments and recommendations from fellow adolescents whom they regard as their equal and have no fear for, unlike their parents whom they consider too â€Å" old fashioned to understand them†. In this lyric song, there is a line that, â€Å"I’ll turn to a friend, someone that understands†, that evidences this. Status transitions. Adolescence is a transitory period and a lot happens at the same time in the lives of adolescents (Arnett, 2004). In the song, this comes up clearly when the teen in the song juxtaposes and delves into the next stage of life, adulthood and even envisions a marriage life. Identity formation The many questions asked in the song point to the fact that the adolescent is in the process of discovering their identity in the society. This is a common trait in adolescents who tend to attach a moral connotation to every single happening to their life (Arnett, J. A. 2002). The lyrics keep on addressing the issue of morality by asking questions on whether this or that is right and wrong. An example is found on the line, did you hear/ he fucked her? Changing personal relationships. Unlike in childhood when one can virtually associate with any one, teens are very selective of whom they enter into personal relationships with. In the lyrics this is evidenced by the fact that the singer keeps talking of the relationship and in a way, protecting and shielding it from perceiving threats. This is evidenced by the statement that she will turn to a friend who is understanding. Individuation process. This is evidenced by the fact that the singer does not want to imagine any one taking his/her friend. It seems he/she is prepared to posses the friend alone and not any where near sharing the friendship. Forming and dissolving intimate relationships. It is evident that, from the sentiments in the song, the singer is ready to make or break the relationship. This is characteristic of teenagers and it is evidenced by the the phrase that, The charade/ it won’t last/ I won’t come back. Psycho social problems. As the song progresses, it becomes clearer that the adolescent has some psycho social issues which needs to be addressed. Adolescence period is full of problems especially emotional and unless well handled, one can suffer from depression. This can be evidenced by the phrases, â€Å"on losing/ and failing†, and ‘we’ll pretend it’s okay’. Cognitive development. There is clear evidence of developed abstract thinking since through out the song the adolescent is drawing his/her feeling from abstract analysis of situations and not from just observation. Evidence can be drawn from the line that, â€Å"and your pictures/ are falling down. † Effects. There is increased self-consciousness, which is the cause of the imagined audience evident through out the lyrics. This can be shown from the lyrics by the fact that the writer decides to turn only to an understanding friend. Conclusion. Adolescence is a challenging stage in life when a lot of psychosocial, cognitive and physical changes appear in the lives of adolescents. The song analyzed above will appeal to most adolescents because it addresses issues central to their growth and developmental needs. There is a need for more studies to be aimed at discovering remedies to the many challenges a teen is faced with. More over, it is crucial that the government comes up with programs geared at supporting the teens as well as the community in dealing with the challenges associated with adolelescence. How to cite Adolescence and music, Papers

Drinks Are Famous Across Whole Australia †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Drinks Are Famous Across Whole Australia? Answer: Introduction As Cheers beers are planning to expand their business in the international market for achieving adequate growth, Indian and Brazilian brewery market is suggested by the newly appointed operations manager to the management of the Cheers organization. They have shown their interest and asked him to review the risks and opportunities in those countries brewery industry so that appropriate steps could be taken for the expansion of the business. As Indian is one of the emerging market and government over there is also planning to invite various multinational and small companies to invest in their country to enhance the employment opportunities for Indians. Expansion of the organization will be beneficial for the organization because beer consumption is increased rapidly there. Apart from this, there are already various companies available which are producing and delivering beer. Promotion and advertisement of alcoholic products are also banned there. While researching for Brazil, it is ob served that chances for establishing the position in the brewery industry are a bit difficult task because since very long period, only one company i.e. Standard Lager beer is enjoying the success. Monopoly type of situation has been developed in Brazil as 98% of market share is being covered by this organization only. To review the additional risk and opportunities factors, appropriate techniques and methods will be discussed further in this report. Risks and Opportunities Analysis There are various kinds of risks are available while expanding the business into the international market and in terms of alcoholic and tobacco products, the same process for expanding the business becomes the bit more complicated. Lot of legal, political, social and other factors needs to be considered by Cheers beers before taking decision for enhancing their business. Political risk, financial risk, cross-cultural risk and commercial risk are the types of risks that an organization needs to suffer while expanding its business in the international market. Below some of these risks will be analyzed in relevance with India and Brazil market conditions (Haimes, 2015). Apart from these risks factors, operations manager needs to evaluate certain factors such as cultural factors, environmental conditions of the particular place, etc. Political Risk involves various kinds of factors such as government invention in international business organizations, imposing taxes over their activities, etc. There are some countries where alcohol consumption and distribution is prohibited. In India, alcohol consumption is banned in some states i.e. Gujarat, Bihar, Nagaland, etc. (Wheelen Hunger, 2011). Apart from the ban on the consumption of alcoholic products, advertisement and promotion of the same are also prohibited. Reviewing this issue, Cheers organization may face some issues while entering into India brewery market due to change in the legal and political policies while comparing Australian and Indian system. Traditionally Indians were not used to with beer consumption, through rice, they used to manufacture beer. But today, it is estimated that in previou s year i.e. in 2016, per capita beer composition is reached to the level of 57 liters. There is a number of beer brands are available in Indian brewery market and amongst them, many are local and international as well. So, Indian brewery market would be a challenging market for Cheers beer to set up their distinctive place (Taylor, et. al., 2010). While estimating the risks factors for Brazil, it was found that the whole market share is being covered by only one beer brand since a very long period i.e. Standard Lager Beer. Many companies have tried to enter the Brazilian brewery market but they were not able to survive in front of Standard Lager beer brand. Apart from this, a consumption of alcohol is at its peak and various issues have been occurred due to consumption of alcohol. Many times, unique campaigns have been conducted to spread the awareness in Brazil in relevance with the objectives of do not drink and drive, etc. because this is the major reason for accidents occurring in Brazil (Shield, et. al., 2013). Due to these issues, Cheers beers may need to develop some strong techniques to settle down in the aggressive competitive environment of Brazilian brewery market. As major accidents reason is consumption of alcohol so, a government of Brazil may take some severe steps to stop this such as the ban on consumption of alcohol or impose huge taxes over the alcoholic drinks, etc. These decisions may create the situation where an organization needs to shut down their business and face losses (Kim Mauborgne, 2014). Opportunities in the Indian and Brazilian brewery industry Global market opportunity Apart from risks and uncertainties, these two countries are selected with a view to analyzing the opportunities which could help the Cheers organization to increase their growth factor. The operational manager has performed some methods through which opportunities could be determined. Indian market is an emerging market at the huge rate (Pietrobelli Rabellotti, 2011). Recently, various MNCs and other corporations from all over the world is in any kind of industry have set up their business outlets in India. The government of India has taken various step for inviting MNCs from across the globe with a view to getting involved in the developed countries and apart from this, investment from abroad organizations in the country will also generate various employment opportunities (Holden, 2011). Currency and Exchange Rates This is the major source of evaluating the opportunities of particular industry or country. Under this approach, a difference is found in the prices of sellers and buyers when cross border transactions are involved. 150 types of currencies are being used across the globe. The decrease in the price of the currency of India and Brazil will lead to losing situation and vice versa (Lane Shambaugh, 2010). Types of Economies The world has been segregated in three types of economies i.e. advanced economy, developing an economy and emerging economy. 35 countries including Japan, US, and the UK are included in the advanced economies, 120 countries are still struggling for converting them into developed countries such as Bangladesh, Nigeria, Zaire, etc. (Kiss, Danis Cavusgil, 2012). Apart from these economies, India, China, Brazil and other 37 countries are included in the emerging economies. From the perceptive of investment, these markets are chosen to be the best as ROI is huge in these places. Cheers beer has the opportunity to setup its place in the selected countries because both these are the part of emerging economy (Successive, et. al., 2014). Emerging markets as target markets Australia is trading with many Asian countries since 2003 and China are on the peak place in trading relevance with goods and services. For manufacturing purpose, Brazil is the location where most of the natural resources are available (Somdaka, 2014). Large reserves of raw materials are available in the lands of Brazil and Cheers beer could take the advantage of this resource. Import of raw materials used in the production of beer will consume more cost then utilization of available resources locally (Sheth, 2011). Low-cost wages Labour cost in the emerging market is quite less in comparison to the labor cost incurred in the advanced economies. Indian and Brazilian markets are filled with this advantage. Except this, India is the third most emerging markets across the globe. China and Indonesia are in the first and second position respectively whereas; Brazil stands very below (Li, 2011). Competition Competition is involved in every industry and in every country. While reviewing the competition in India, it is found that various brands already exist in the Indian brewery market. This could be taken as the advantage because Cheers beer is selling craft beer which is not much famous in the Indian market. Apart from being famous, adequate competitive strategies could be adopted to survive and to develop an effective position in the competitive brewery Indian market. While reviewing the Brazilian market, a number of organizations available in the brewery industry are quite less. But Standard Lager beer is the most popular beer brand in the whole Brazil and neither company is able to set up their image as their competitor since a very long time (Ramamurti, 2012). Cheers beers have the opportunity to create its image in the Brazilian market through adopting unique techniques. Below is the analysis of competition available in Indian and Brazilian brewery market through Porters five forc es: The threat of New Comers: This threat will be faced the existing firms of the particular country. Especially the local brands because they are still selling beers in Indian market without upgrading their techniques and methods for producing beers. Cheers organization needs to face big competition in India but as India and Brazil both are emerging markets and India is one of the favorite locations for international brands. As Cheers beer brand is very famous across the whole Australia and it is a favorable choice of tourists also (Hoenen Hansen, 2013). The threat of Substitutes: Various substitutes are available in the Indian as well as in Brazilian market in relevance with beer. As per recent survey report, consumption of whiskey and other alcoholic drinks is much more in comparison to the consumption of beer. In Brazilian market, beer consumption is much high in relevance with other alcoholic drinks (Swinnen, 2011). Consumers bargaining Power: This act could be faced by the Cheers organization in the Indian market because there are a number of beer brands and other alcoholic drinks manufacturing and distributing organizations exist. The consumer will get the choice of selecting the beer of one brand amongst the huge choices available whereas, this option will not be available for consumers in Brazil as one or two beer brands are selling their beer in the Brazil. Suppliers' Bargaining Power: The same scenario will be developed in the suppliers bargaining power because Indian market has a variety of suppliers involved in the distribution of raw materials required for producing beer (David, 2011). Industrial Rivalry: This approach involves that Cheers beer will be able to promote its products in Brazil without any restriction whereas, a government of India has banned the alcoholic products promotion across the country, as well as some states of India, are prohibited to consume alcoholic drinks. Selected Destination Indian market would be the best for Cheers beer in comparison to the Brazilian brewery market. This is due to the factors involved in the Indian market such as invitation from the Indian government for making a foreign investment to increase the employment opportunities, low-cost labor available, etc. Apart from these factors, Indian industry is the most emerging markets across the globe and it is standing on the third highest emerging country across the globe after China and Indonesia. It means Cheers beer will get the more opportunities to settle their brands goodwill in comparison to the Brazilian market. The major reason for dropping the idea of the Brazilian market for business expansion is the market share of Standard Lager beer (Seidenstricker, Linder Schmitz, 2014). Proposed Entry in India While developing the proposed entry strategy for Cheers beer in India, various factors need to be evaluated which could help the organization to build an effective market entry strategy. The crucial factors which should be discussed are primary competitors, trade barriers, legal policies, political considerations, etc. Common market entry strategies are fulfilling the legal and political considerations and developed an outlet and start performing their activities whereas, effective market entry strategy includes the analyzing the appropriate place across the whole country which will help the organization to develop its distinctive image in the competitive environment. Cheers beer needs to start their activities from Mumbai which is the most favorite places across the globe as well as in India and it is also known as the financial capital of India. This city is situated in the state of Maharashtra and most of the celebrities used to live in this city (Sukumaran, 2012). Other states and cities of India adopt the style being practiced in Mumbai. This is the major reason for making an entry from this city. Most of the international organizations start their business in India from this city only and later on, they have achieved the separate place in all over the country. Operational manager of the organization has suggested the Cheers organization to conduct some activities i.e. market research, demand analysis, supply chain analysis, competitors analysis, etc. All these factors will help the organization to develop its distinctive image in the country. Apart from this, an organization has adopted the pricing strategy by reviewing the price of the most popular beer brands in India. As India as the market for every type of consumer hence; a price of the product should remain at the constant rate which could attract more number of consumers from all mediums. United Breweries is the biggest brand under which Kingfisher, UB Export, etc. are beer brands, SA BMiller is another organization involved in the brewery market and Haywards, Fosters, etc. are popular beer brands in India. Apart from United Breweries and SABMiller, Carlsberg, Mohan Meakin, etc. are some of the other brands available in the Indian brewery market. Amongst them, United Breweries is sharing the highest market share of 51.1% across the country hence; this should be treated as the primary competitor for Cheers beers (D'Aversa, 2016). Conclusion This report concludes the idea of expansion of the Cheers beer which is an Australian organization appoints an operational manager with a view to achieving certain rate of growth. For this purpose, operational manager conducted some methods to evaluate certain risks and opportunities for the Cheers beers in the brewery markets of India and Brazil. As per the research, an adequate market was selected and selection criteria were on the basis of meeting with the expected objectives by the management of the organization. It was found that Indian market is one of the most emerging markets across the globe and Brazil also share the place in the list of emerging markets of the globe. As Cheers beer is an Australian beer manufacturing company which is involved in the production of craft beer so before launching its products in the new environment, certain methods needs to be conducted such as market research which will help the organization to estimate the demand for their products, etc. References D'Aversa, A., 2016, Brewing Better Law: Two Proposals to Encourage Innovation in America's Craft Beer Industry,U. Pa. L. Rev.,165, p.1465. David, F.R., 2011,Peaeson/Prentice Hall, Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Haimes, Y.Y., 2015,John Wiley Sons, Risk modeling, assessment, and management. Hoenen, A.K. Hansen, M.W., 2013, 6. Carlsberg in India: entry strategy in global oligopolistic industries,The Global Brewery Industry, p.166. Holden, S.S., 2011, Three cheers for new beers: Marketing insights from the birth of boutique brewing in Australia. Kim, W.C. Mauborgne, R.A., 2014,Harvard business review Press, Blue ocean strategy, expanded edition: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. Kiss, A.N., Danis, W.M. Cavusgil, S.T., 2012, International entrepreneurship research in emerging economies: A critical review and research agenda,Journal of Business Venturing,27(2), pp.266-290. Lane, P.R. Shambaugh, J.C., 2010, Financial exchange rates and international currency exposures,The American Economic Review,100(1), pp.518-540. Li, N., 2011, Cyclical wage movements in emerging markets compared to developed economies: The role of interest rates,Review of Economic Dynamics,14(4), pp.686-704. Pietrobelli, C. Rabellotti, R., 2011, Global value chains meet innovation systems: are there learning opportunities for developing countries?,World development,39(7), pp.1261-1269. Ramamurti, R., 2012, Competing with emerging market multinationals,Business Horizons,55(3), pp.241-249. Seidenstricker, S., Linder, C. Schmitz, M., 2014, Diversification in Emergent Markets: Possibility for Transferring Technological Core Competencies,South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases,3(2), pp.187-194. Sheth, J.N., 2011, Impact of emerging markets on marketing: Rethinking existing perspectives and practices,Journal of Marketing,75(4), pp.166-182. Shield, K.D., Rylett, M., Gmel, G., Gmel, G., Kehoe?Chan, T.A. Rehm, J., 2013, Global alcohol exposure estimates by country, territory and region for 2005a contribution to the Comparative Risk Assessment for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study,Addiction,108(5), pp.912-922. Somdaka, M.M., 2014,Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town, Motivating factors behind mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets: analysis of activities in Brazil, South Africa and Russia Successive, U.K., Collin, J., Johnson, E. Hillexplore, S., 2014, Government support for the alcohol industry: promoting exports, jeopardising global health?, BMJ,348, p.19. Sukumaran, A., 2012, The Role of Communication and Loyalty Marketing, Impacting Alcohol Consumption in India. Swinnen, J.F. ed., 2011, OUP Oxford, The economics of beer. Taylor, B., Irving, H.M., Kanteres, F., Room, R., Borges, G., Cherpitel, C., Greenfield, T. Rehm, J., 2010, The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together,Drug and alcohol dependence,110(1), pp.108-116. Wheelen, T.L. Hunger, J.D., 2011,Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.

Musical Controversy Essays - Music, Eminem, , Term Papers

Musical Controversy There is a kind of music, which is commonly referred to as ?Pop? music. It attracts a variety of Americans of very different geographical, racial, and economical backgrounds. Some of the most popular artists these days that are considered ?Pop? are N'Sync, Britney Spears (who, having recently turned eighteen, doesn't seem to mind letting the guys know that she's legal now), Cristina Aguilera, Eminem, Limp Bizkit, and Tupac Shakur. It would take a thousand pages to describe the entire commercial and cultural aspects of the music industry, so I will talk about the hip-hop community. Some hip-hop is commonly referred to as ?Pop? music, simply because it is popular with a wide variety of crowds. I intend to show you how the different types of crowds under the Pop category interact with one another, especially at popular awards ceremonies, such as the recent MTV Video Music Awards '00. MTV's largest show and party of every year is their Video Music Awards, celebrated in 1999 on 9/9/99. In 2000, it was highlighted by performances by Eminem (aka Marshall Mathers), N'Sync, a side of Britney Spears which brought a chuckle from a few early Madonna haters, and others. In an interview with reporters before the show, 26 year-old white rapper Eminem stated ?It ain't often you get so many people that I don't like into one room together.? Eminem's relationship with the music industry is a strange one ? you either love him or you hate him. He openly hates gays, women, and children. He is being petitioned to be arrested by a national gay rights activist group for his homophobic lyrics and attitude. So, you ask, why is he such a loved character if he is so ?shady His most recent album, The Marshall Mathers LP, sold 1.7 million copies its first week ? the most for any single artist in history. Also notable for comment is that he achieved this at a time when illegal music piracy is so commonly practiced that the government cannot even begin to regulate it. This is another issue however. The recent media chase over Shawn Fanning, an innocent-looking 19 year-old college dropout, is amazing for one who has not been along for the ride the whole time. Shawn Fanning released Napster in 1999, it was one of the top 10 most quickly downloaded programs of 1999. It's ability to ?share? music files, called mp3s, digitally over the Internet made it become absolutely essential for anyone between the ages of 12-24 to have. Gone were the days when you had to listen to the radio or buy a single ? now you could just go online, wait anywhere from two to thirty minutes, and have the song that you wanted, for play on your own computer or to burn to a blank CD. In steps ancient rock legends, Metallica. Metallica drummer, Lars Ulrich, took a stand against Napster. He claims that it is violating copyright laws set by the United States. Fanning's creation, by allowing fans to disperse their music to one another, is equivalent to stealing right from the band. In a sense, he is correct. In re ality, if it weren't for the popularity that the program has already achieved, it would have been shut down long ago without a multi-million dollar court case. Now it becomes just one of the many media-hyped incidents in the music industry. The pop music industry is a complicated web of underground culture. Because America is such a diverse nation, the music industry reflects the diversity of the country. From white rappers to thirteen year-old black rappers, to seventy year old country singers, there is definitely a type of music that most people enjoy. Bibliography: Marshall Mathers, spoken in pre-show interview before MTV VMA 2000

Blood type b in asian countries Essays

Blood type b in asian countries Essays Blood type b in asian countries Paper Blood type b in asian countries Paper 2001). These variants harbored missense mutations in specific exons that generate alterations in the carbohydrate chain of the ABO antigens. Such reports have significantly affected serological protocols that were closely associated with donor-patient compatibility testings, because these variants had the capacity to express the antigens at a broader range of degree of expression than what was classically described. This dilemma may cause mistyping of blood groups which, in turn, may affect transfusion and transplantation procedures. The ABO blood group system has been determined to follow a unique geographic distribution (Fukumori et al. , 1996). Frequencies of individuals with blood type B are known to be particularly high in Asian countries, ranging up to 30% is specific populations such as the Himalayans. The Himalayan region has been reported to have a history of smallpox and bubonic plague epidemics, which are specific medical illnesses that confer particular physiological responses in the body that blood types A and O are selected against (Yamamoto et al. , 1993). Such selection is also associated with the development of resistance to the other antigens, hence blood type B is said to be fixed in the area through the mechanism of genetic drift. Investigations on the ABO locus has revealed that random sequence variations occur within this region, resulting in substitutions of nucleotides bases that are presumably less susceptible to selection pressure, hence it is possible to trace the phylogeny of the B alleles in a more robust way. The diversification of the B locus may be a result of two genetic mechanisms. Point mutations may have occurred in the consensus ABO locus due to recombination events (Olsson and Chester, 1995). The fixation rates of a mutation may be calculated based on its extent of homology to the consensus B locus. This may be observed in the high frequencies in Asian populations and the low frequencies in different white populations. Recombination facilitates the generation of new variants of blood type B may also be enhanced by inter-lineage sequence transfer, resulting in intermediate products of the B allele. Blood type B is strongly associated with specific medical diseases such as esophageal carcinoma, infantile diarrhea and typhoid fever (Su et al. , 2001). These associations may be due to the selection against the other blood types during the onset of the medical illness. In addition, the B antigen is maximally expressed in these populations because the physiological settings of these individuals are optimal for the fixation of the blood type B and its related subtypes, as well as the increased suppression of expression of the A antigen in the red blood cells. The ABO blood typing system should therefore be cautiously analyzed especially when dealing with serology, transfusion and transplantation procedures, together with the ethnicity data that is gather from the patient, in order to avoid mistyping and adverse rejection reactions. References Fukumori Y, Ohnoki S, Shibata H, Nishimukai H (1996): Suballeles of the ABO blood group system in a Japanese population. Hum. Hered. 46:85-91. Olsson ML, Chester MA (1995): A rapid and simple ABO genotype screening method using a novel B/O2 versus A/O1 discriminating nucleotide substitution at the ABO locus. Vox Sang. 69:242-247. Olsson ML, Irshaid NM, Hosseini-Maaf B, Hellberg A, Moulds MK, Hannele Sareneva, Chester MA (2001): Genomic analysis of clinical samples with serologicABO blood grouping discrepancies: identification of 15 novel A and B subgroup alleles. Blood 98:1585-1593. Su M, Lu SM, Tian DP, Zhao H, Li XY, Li DR, Zheng ZC (2001): Relationship between ABO blood groups and carcinoma of esophagus and cardia in Chaoshan inhabitants of China. World J. Gastroenterol. 7(5):657-61. Yamamoto F, McNeill PD, Yamamoto M, Hakomori S, Bromilow IM, Duguid JK (1993): Molecular genetic analysis of the ABO blood group system, 4:another type of O allele. Vox Sang. 64:175-178.

Mastering Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mastering Time Management - Essay Example How an individual allocates time for different activities depends upon his level of education and understanding of life. As a manager one must first know how to manage oneself and only then can one manage an organization or a subordinate. One has to identify what is important in life and spend more time on that. If one knows of the hectic week ahead, decisions and planning in advance helps (Green & Skinner, 2005). Prioritizing work reveals that some work could be delegated or were not really important. It can help to avoid stress that reduces efficiency. Stress also leads to high absenteeism and labor turnover, all of which can be measured in terms of money. Time management can help to avoid missing deadlines which hampers customer relations, affects the image and competitiveness of the firm. it helps to develop cognitive skills. It enables a person to be more organized, assertive, he is able to prioritize work and achieve targets. The whole environment is less stressful and results in better health conditions of the employees. In the field of nursing time was a condition that structured the planning, accomplishment and result of nurses’ work (Bowers, Lauring & Jacobson, 2000). Their main source of job dissatisfaction was too little time. Limited time makes it difficult to complete the required work and it is difficult to spend time with residents. Timing is important even in political campaigns and decisions. It can mar the campaigns if some events in the nations erupt just during that period. Timing makes or breaks the situation; timing influences the victory or loss as in the case of Rudy Giulani who faced bad news from the drug indictment of his South Carolina chairman to criticism for skipping meetings of the Iraq Study Group (MSNBC, 2007). The timing could not have been worse as the string of events came just as national polls showed him ahead of his rivals. People want to ‘manage stress’. Managing

Edgar Allen Poe Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edgar Allen Poe - Research Paper Example Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809 (Kennedy, 2001, 19). Personal misfortunes were, sadly, a persistent episode during his lifetime. He never met his father who abandoned his mother. His mother died from tuberculosis. After his parents’ death Edgar was adopted by Frances and John Allan, a rich trader in Richmond, Virginia (Kennedy, 2001). From the very beginning of Poe’s authorial vocation, he adored creating verses for the most important persons in his life. Soon after, when he reached maturity and understood life’s unpleasant realities, his narratives became more disquieting and darker, possibly because of his overindulgence in alcohol and drugs (Magistrale, 2001). His horror tales are still regarded as one of the most chilling and frightening tales ever written, and, due to this, several literary scholars contemplated on the possible sources of these dark themes. Numerous literature activists and historians have assumed that h is problematic love life was the root whereas others have pointed to his drug and alcohol addiction (Magistrale, 2001). ... Poe implanted this in his famed masterpiece Alone (Hoffman, 1998, 38): â€Å"From childhood’s hour, I have not been as others were; I have not seen as others saw; I could not bring my passions from a common spring.† As mentioned above, several of the most significant persons in his life were a vast source of influence because of their deaths. His reaction to death consistently included more heightened addiction to alcohol and drugs (Kennedy, 2001); hence, it is difficult to make a decisive difference between the influences of Poe’s individual loved ones. Nevertheless, since the deaths happened prior to the drugs and alcohol addiction, it was only death which occupied the utmost position in his life, bringing about series of self-destruction that sooner or later put an end on his own existence (Kennedy, 2001). In spite of his personal misfortunes, nevertheless, he stays as one of the most treasured and broadly celebrated of all American authors. His disturbing and frightening tales and poems will survive through ages and be read by innumerable people from various societies and different eras, a reality which would have certainly given some spring of calm for this agonized, gifted, and disturbed individual. Almost every well-known author that came after Poe, embodying practically all national literatures, was familiar with him, and writers who were not personally influenced by his idea were compelled somehow to recognize it, if simply in a feat of denial (Kennedy, 2001). The reputation and significance of Poe as an author were at first freed from the nasty rumors of Rufus Griswold, his literary architect, by the determined attempts of Charles Baudelaire, a French writer (Magistrale, 2001). The influence of Poe on 19th century French literature

Public Relations Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Relations Project - Essay Example is necessary to develop drug abuse prevention awareness among the use, so that students can identify the dangers and impacts of drug abuse in their health and success. As the Public Relations staffer, I was hired by a non-profit organization to develop a broad communication plan in support of working to reduce smoking, especially among high school students, through our group, Stamp Out Smoking. The development of the communication plan usually starts with the assessment of smoking and other adolescent problems, which include examining the level of community risk factors, and the level of smoking in the community (Crano & Burgoon 145). The assessment results are used to raise community awareness of the seriousness and nature of smoking problem, and this information is used to determine the best program that is relevant to the students’ needs. The next step is the analysis of the student’s readiness for prevention. This helps in identifying further steps that are required to lecture the students before the beginning of the prevention effort. The final step involves holding meetings with teachers and student representatives to help implement and maintain research-based programs (Crano & Burgoon 145). This requires resource development for management and staffing with the existing delivery systems. This plan identifies information dissemination as the most effective communication method for creating drug prevention awareness among the high school students. This approach attempts to communicate the dangers of drug abuse by using a fear-arousal technique designs to frighten individuals and attract attention in to not using drugs, including the dangerous impacts of drug abuse on an individual’s health (Crano & Burgoon 259). The information approaches involve classroom lectures about the negative impacts of smoking, including printed materials, short films, and educational pamphlets, which imparts information to the youths about the dangers of smoking. This

Aspergillus Fumigatus Identification and Molecular Character

Aspergillus Fumigatus Identification and Molecular Character IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF Aspergillus fumigatus FROM SOIL R. V. Shalini, and Dr. K. Amutha ABSTRACT: Soil was collected, serially diluted and pure culture obtained; slant was prepared in potato dextrose agar and maintained throughout the study. Morphological, microscopical and macroscopically identification were carried out on the isolated organism. DNA was isolated from the 24 hour culture, for ITS-PCR amplification. DNA was amplified by mixing the template DNA (50nm) with the polymerase reaction buffer, dNTP mix, primers and Taq. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total volume of 50Â µL reaction mixture. The PCR product was mixed with loading buffer (8Â µL) containing 0.025% bromophenol blue, 40% w/v sucrose in water and then loaded in 2% agarose gel with 0.1% of ethidium bromide and the amplified product was visualized under a UV trans illuminator for further examination. The PCR products were finally sequenced using the help of an automated DNA sequencer at progen Ltd (Salem, India) and analyzed with the BLAST program provided by the National Center f or Bio-technology information (NCBI) to confirm the fungal species. The current study demonstrates that DNA genome containing 18S rRNA has a high degree of analytical sensitivity and specificity (100%) for the detection of a wide range of fungi. OBJECTIVE: To isolate, identify and characterize Aspergillus fumigatus using molecular biological methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soil was collected from different places, pooled together allowed to be dried at room temperature. The morphology based identification of Aspergillus was done which includes the size, shape, colour, ornamentation of spore and mode of attachment. Unfortunately a lot of difficulties arose for phenotypical identification of this fungus due to its unstable characteristics. Comparatively a DNA sequence-based identification format appeared to be the most promising in terms of its speed, ease, objectivity and reliability for species identification. RESULTS: The preliminary morphology based studies showed the isolated fungi as a species of aspergillus.However after the DNA isolation followed by sequencing it was concluded that the particular species identified as Aspergillus was Aspergillus fumigatus. KEY WORDS: Aspergillus, serial dilution, DNA, Sequenced. INTRODUCTION: The presence of organic matter in the soil affects the quantity and quality of microbes in the soil. The development of micro fungi in the soil is favoured by soils having acidic reaction and aerobic condition which is likely present in the soil. However the amount of degradation in the soil is brought about by the organisms present in the soil. 1The rate at which the organic matter is decomposed is inter related with soil microbes. (Arunachalam et al., 1997). Microorganisms come in various sizes and shapes and is determined by the soil ph., temperature, available moisture, degree of aeration, availability of nutrients in the soil etc. The genus of spore forming fungi is found worldwide out of which Aspergillus is the most dominant species and is ubiquitoes.Out of that 95% is occupied by Aspergillus fumigatus. The other pathogenic forms of Aspergillus species are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus etc. This fungi exists only in mycelial f orm, and is thermo tolerant capable of growing at temperatures between 15-53Â °c.Being a spore producing fungi the spores gets dispersed by wind in the atmosphere. 2Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common among all the airborne saprophytic fungal pathogens in immune compromised patients mostly in developed countries (Latge, 1999). It is the main pathogenic agent of various diseases caused in humans including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (Tomee van der Werf, 2001) – the former is a frequent cause death in immune compromised patients. The possession of different virulent traits gives A. fumigatus the ability to cause these diseases. It is a known fact that other members of the genus Aspergillus are either less pathogenic or non- pathogenic. Identification of the most common and important species remains problematic due to the variability in the phenotypic characters. However a validated and a careful approach of phenotypic classification (taxonomy) together with phylogenetic treatment of DNA sequence data is a prerequisite for a reliable and a rapid identification. In our inve stigation we used the molecular techniques (sequencing) for the reliable identification rather the identification based on their microscopic and few physiological features. MATERIALS METHODS: Collection of soil samples: Soil samples were collected from different places (in and around Chengalpattu). The surface deposits were removed to a depth of about 10 cm and the exposed soil was collected to a depth of 2-3cm. The collected soil samples were stored in zip locked covers stored in refrigerator temperature for further analysis. The collected soil samples were passed through a sieve to remove the stones and other impurities. Isolation of fungi: The glass wares were sterilized in an autoclave to a temperature of 120Â °c for twenty minutes. The chemicals were of analytical grade (Himedia). The method used for the isolation of fungi from soil was serial dilution method. 1 gm of soil was weighed and mixed in 10ml of double distilled sterile water. This was used for preparing serial dilutions. 1 ml of the final dilution (10-6 ) was pipetted into the prepared potato dextrose agar media (PDA) amended with a suitable antibiotic Chloramphenicol (12mg/100ml). The plates were incubated at 30Â °c for about seven days. Fungi that appeared on petriplates were isolated. The isolates were picked up based on apparent dissimilarity of cultural characteristics and purified. The purified isolates were identified according to the genera on the basis of cultural characteristics such as nature of growth, spore colour, and pigment production, and on morphological characteristics of mycelia and fruiting bodies (Domsch etal., 1980; Raper and Fenne ll 1965) and maintained in agar slants for future use3. Isolation of DNA: Genomic DNA was extracted from 24 hour old culture. Measured 100 micro gram of mycelium into a sterile 1.5- micro centrifuge tube. Simultaneously ground 1 microgram of dried (vacuum filter mycelium first) in a mortar and pestle treated with liquid nitrogen 5-6 times. Poured the frozen powder into the Eppendorf tube. Added 660 750 Â µl of lysis buffer and 10 Â µl of B-mercaptor.Vortexed the mixture for a few seconds. And Incubated at 65Â °C for 1 hour. Used a water bath for incubation. Centrifuged at a speed of 3400 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature and aspirated out the top layer.Transfered the top aqueous layer into a fresh Eppendorf tube discarded the bottom layer. Measured out 700 Â µl of chloroform, isoamyl alcohol (24:1) into Eppendorf tube and adjusted the volume to meet a 1:1 ratio of aqueous phase.Vortexed the mixture for a few seconds. Centrifuged at a speed of 12000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and aspirated out 550 600 Â µl of the top layer. Transfered the top aqueous layer into Eppendorf tube and discarded the bottom layer. Added 0.1volume of 3m potassium acetate and 0.7 volume of isopropanol. Mixed well by inverting the tube not by vortexing.Centrifuged for about 10 minutes and discarded the supernatant. Added 0.5 mL of ice cold ethanol (70% and inverted the tube gently, again it was centrifuged for about 5 minutes in a spinner) finally the pellets were resuspended in 100Â µl of TE buffer (PH-8). After further purification DNA was quantified spectrophotpmetrically and the quality was analyzed in 0.9% agorose gel. Amplification of 18srRNA by PCR: For ITS-PCR amplification, DNA was amplified by mixing the template DNA (50nm) with the polymerase reaction buffer, dNTP mix, primers and Taq polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a total volume of 50Â µL reaction mixture containing Primer (2Â µM/Â µL) 8.0Â µL 10X Buffer 5.0 Â µL 2mM dNTP Mix 5.0Â µL Taq DNA polymerase (5U/Â µL) 0.5Â µL Template DNA (50ng) 2.0Â µL Sterile distilled water 29.5Â µL Total volume 50.0Â µL PCR amplification condition: Amplification was carried out in a primus advanced gradient thermocycler. The PCR was programmed with an initial denaturing at 94Â °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94Â °c for 30 seconds, annealing at 61Â °c for 30 seconds, and extension at 70Â °c for 2 minutes and a final extension at 72Â °c for 7 minutes. The PCR product was mixed with loading buffer (8Â µL) containing 0.025% bromophenol blue, 40% w/v sucrose in water and then loaded in 2% agarose gel with 0.1% of ethidium bromide and the amplified product was visualized under a UV trans illuminator for further examination. (Sequencing) Sequencing of ITS region for identification of isolated fungi : Chosen Samples of the genomic DNA containing 18S rRNA were shortlisted for more specific species confirmation by using DNA sequencing. The sequenced PCR product was aligned with other isolate sequences from NCBI genbank for identification. The PCR products were finally sequenced using the help of an automated DNA sequencer at progen Ltd (Salem, India) and analyzed with the BLAST program provided by the National Center for Bio-technology information (NCBI) to confirm the fungal species. RESULTS: Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis: Analysis of the isolated Aspergillus species showed variation in the colony colours, texture, and reverse side colours (table 1 and 2). The morphological microscopic and molecular characteristics showed that the isolate is Aspergillus fumigatus (details given in table 1and 2). Morphological characters of colony (table1) Characteristics Aspergillus fumigatus Surface colour Margins Reverse side Growth Green to dark green Entire Yellow Rapid Microscopic characteristics (table2) Characteristics Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphae Branched septate Conidiophore Present Vesicle Dome shaped Conidia Present Phialides Uniseriate Fruiting body Cleistothecia Fig A1 Fig A2 Morphological characterization of Aspergillus species on potato dextrose agar A1-Aspergillus fumigatus surface colour, A2-Reverse side of the colony. DNA sequencing of ITS region for identification of species: The species of fungi from the PCR sample was identified by DNA sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rRNA gene. Segments of the entire ITS regions, including partial 5.8S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence, 28S rRNA,partial sequence were amplified using the primer PGF04 5’-GGC ATC GGC C-3’. Amplification of the ITS region of strain Aspergillus fumigatus had a size of 1703bp. It was submitted to the NCBI and the accession number KC 119199 was received. M 1 2 Fig A3 represent the banding pattern of Aspergillus fumigatus from PCR reactions Lane M= Marker, Lane 1= Aspergillus fumigatus, lane 2=Aspergillus fumigatus. DISCUSSION: Detection of A. fumigatus is of great concern because it is a dangerous allergen associated with aspergillosis 5(Abraca et al., 1994; Schuster et al., 2002; Noonimabcet al.2009; Edwin et al., 2010; Gautam et al., 2011). This highlights the importance of correct identification and taxonomical differentiation between different species of Aspergillus. The taxonomy of Aspergillus has always been complex due to its great number of species (nearly 250), which have very few differences. The identification of different Aspergillus species, on the basis of their morphological characters (example, colony colours, and reverse side) is one of the oldest and most adopted methods. Some of the species of Aspergillus have the same morphological features which make it difficult to distinguish between them it is also a time consuming process and may not be accurate (Klich and Pitt, 1988; Samson et al., 2004)6. This shows that morphological and microscopical characters are not enough for fungal identification and it renders the need of molecular techniques for correct species identification. Molecular characterization on the other hand, is a rapid and a quick procedure which requires minimal handling of pathogens. It also helps in distinguishing morphologically, similar fungal species. Several similar studies on the application of PCR technology were used for the identification and detection of fungi, by using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were already been studied and published7 by several scientist (Henson and French, 1993; Marek et al., 2003; Haughland et al., 2004; Druzhinina etal., 2005).. Many more such studies were also carried out very recently by God et and Munaut (2010) in the differentiation of Aspergillus flavus, A.parasiticus, A.tamarii and A.nomius by PCR-RAPD markers. Similarly, Leema et al. (2010) confirmed the species A. flavus by verifying; using the molecular methods that is, by amplification of the internally transcribed spacer regions. By using the help of RAPD-PCR, 8Khan et al. (2007) studied diversity in various Aspergillus niger isolates sourc ed from pigeon pea fields .Several molecular techniques have been tested to classify different Aspergillus species like random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Yuan et al., 1995), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Kumeda and Asao, 1996; Henry et al., 2000; Kumeda and Asao, 2001; Rigo et al., 2002) and the aflatoxin gene cluster (Chang et al., 1995; Watson et al., 1999; Tominaga et al., 2006). In this study care was taken to choose the genomic DNA containing 18sRNA specifics primers that were helpful in amplifying medically important fungi. The genomic DNA containing 18s rRNA was the right candidate for detection of fungus as it is a mutli-copy gene which evolves slowly and is conserved among fungi. The present study proves that the genomic DNA containing 18s rRNA based PCR is suitable for probing large range of medically significant fungi owing to its higher level of analytical sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: In this present study we had shown that molecular techniques are rapid and best for identification of fungi than the traditional morphological methods for early diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections. The goal of our study was to identify a practical, quick, cheap, method for the identification of A. fumigatus, the most common of the Aspergillus pathogens. REFERENCES: Arunachalam K, Arunachalam A, Tripathi RS, Pandey HN. 1997 – Dynamics of microbial population during the gradation phase of a selectively logged subtropical humid forest in north east India. Tropical Ecology 38, 333–341. Sirida Youngchim,1,2 Rachael Morris-Jones,1 Roderick J. Hay3 and Andrew J. Hamilton1 Production of melanin by Aspergillus fumigatus Journal of Medical Microbiology 2004, 53, 175–181. Domsch, K.H.,Gams W. and Anderson T.H. 1980.Compendium of soil fungi, vol 1.IHW-Verlag,Eching.,Raper,K.B.andFennel,D.I.1965.The genus Aspergillus (Baltimore: Williams Wilkins). Ferrer C, Colom F, Frases S, Mulet E, Abad JL, Alio JL:Detection and identification of fungal pathogens by PCR and by ITS2 and 5.8S ribosomal DNA in eye infections. J ClinMicrobiol 2001, 39(8): 2873-2879. Abraca ML, Bragulat G, Cabanes FJ 1994. Ochratoxin A production by strains of Aspergillus flavus var. niger . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2650-2652. Klich MA, Pitt JI 1988. Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus parasiticus and other closely related species.Trans. Br.Mycol. Soc.91:99-108. Henson J, French R 1993. The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.31:81-109. Khan MR, Anwer MA, Mohiddin FA 2007. Molecular diversity in Aspergillus isolates collected from pigeonpea field in Aligarh region.Environ. Biol. Conserv. 12:59-64. Godet F, Munaut F 2010. Molecular strategy for identification in Aspergillus section flavi. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 304:157-168. Leema G, Kaliamurthy J, Geraldine J, Thomas PA 2010. Keratitis due to Aspergillus flavus: Clinical profile, molecular identification of fungal strains and detection of Aflotoxin production.Mol. Vision 6:843-854. Yuan G, Liu C, Chen C 1995. Differentiation of Aspergillus parasiticus from Aspergillus sojae by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2384-2387. Kumeda Y, Asao T 2001. Heteroduplex panel analysis a novel method for genetic identification of Aspergillus section flavi strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4084-4090. Chang PK, Ehrlich KC, Bhatnagar JD, Cleveland TE 1995. Increased expression of Aspergillus parasiticus aflR, encoding a sequence specific DNA-binding protein, relieves nitrate inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:2372-2377.

Euthanasia Essay -- Mercy Killing Papers

Euthanasia The term 'Euthanasia' comes from the Greek word for 'easy death'. It is the one of the most public policy issues being debated about today. Formally called 'mercy killing', euthanasia is the act of purposely making or helping someone die, instead of allowing nature to take it's course. Basically euthanasia means killing in the name of compassion. Euthanasia, can be either 'voluntary', 'passive', or 'positive', Voluntary involves a request by the dying patient or their legal representative. Passive involves, doing nothing to prevent death - allowing someone to die. Positive involves taking deliberate action to cause a death. Euthanasia, at the moment is illegal throughout the world apart from in the State of Oregon, where there is a law specifically allowing doctors to prescribe lethal drugs for the purpose of euthanasia. In the Netherlands it is practised widely, although, in fact, it remains illegal. I believe that everyone has the right to choose how they live and die. Everyone deserves respect, freedom and the power to control their own destiny. Not everybody will have an easy death. Some terminal pain cannot be controlled, even with the best of care and the strongest of drugs. Other distressing symptoms, which come with diseases, such as sickness, no mobility, incontinence, breathlessness and fever cannot always be relieved. Pain is not always the issue - quality of life is too. Most people want to die with dignity, but some people may spend the last moments of their life, in a way which to them, is undignified. Having the right to control over their own life and death helps people keep human dignity in the face ... ...nimal is put to sleep. The owner is upset over the loss but they feel that they have done the right thing, by putting the pet out it's misery. I do not think we can look at human life in the same way however, as humans' are treated better than animals and have more respect. But what is better, letting someone suffer a prolonged and very painful life, or allowing him or her to die with dignity, in peace and without pain? This issue needs a lot of thought. Many people agree with voluntary euthanasia, many disagree but there is also a large amount of people undecided on the matter. The time will come when the Government and medical services will have to open their eyes to euthanasia, and there will be a lot of debate on the subject. Until then the euthanasia debate will continue to linger, like a terminal disease.